{"id":2502,"date":"2021-10-14T08:14:33","date_gmt":"2021-10-14T06:14:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/herito.pl\/?post_type=artykul&p=2502"},"modified":"2022-06-10T15:53:09","modified_gmt":"2022-06-10T13:53:09","slug":"memory-links-and-the-image-of-independent-poland","status":"publish","type":"artykul","link":"https:\/\/herito.pl\/en\/artykul\/memory-links-and-the-image-of-independent-poland\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cMemory Links\u201d and the Image of Independent Poland"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u201cLink\u201d implies that there is something to be connected with: a network, a sequence, a chain. The realm of memory and of remembering, whether individual or collective, is most easily visualised as a spatial web with innumerable connections and intersections.<\/strong><\/p>\n

It does not take much introspection to realise that when we remember something \u2013 an event, a date, an image \u2013 we place it in the context of other events and images. Even an evidently ahistorical experience like medical treatment we recollect within the structure of a setting (thus, I associate my first hernia surgery at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford: with unpalatable food, the nerve-racking clatter of trolleys loaded with cans of pitch-black and pitch-tasting tea at 6.30 am; the second at Avallon in Burgundy, with motherly nuns in cornets and wine with meals; the last, in Warsaw, with primitive but clean premises, food best forgotten, the surgical procedure discussed at length before the operation, in the event interminably long, and ultimately successful). The action of Isaac Bashevis Singer\u2019s novels is set in Warsaw and Lublin, on the same rivers, under the same castles, but for their Jewish and Polish readers in completely different, even foreign, environments. Polish Lw\u00f3w and Ukrainian Lviv lie at the same geographical latitudes and longitudes \u2013 but for people remembering 1945 are almost entirely different cities: linguistically, culturally, and socially (there was virtually no Ukrainian middle class there). I would say that these places exist in human memory within different (if interconnected) associative networks, culturally and nationally defined.<\/p>\n

The places (loci<\/em>) where the lines of these networks connect, often multilplex way, I call \u201cmemory links\u201d (w\u0119z\u0142y pami\u0119ci<\/em> in Polish, n<\/em>\u0153uds de m\u00e9moire<\/em> in French)[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The concept is, of course, indebted to the famous French series conceived and edited by Pierre Nora Les lieux de m<\/em>\u00e9<\/em>moire<\/em> (1984\u20131992). The basic term lieu <\/em>is notoriously slippery and difficult to translate, as it does not connote a physical site; in Nora\u2019s seven volumes entries under geographical references make up no more than 10% of the text and appear side by side with entries like \u201cLa Marseillaise<\/em>\u201d, \u201cMourir pour la patrie\u201d, \u201cgastronomie\u201d, \u201cJeanne d\u2019Arc\u201d, and \u201cLa recherche du temps perdu<\/em> de Marcel Proust\u201d. Taking note of this difficulty, the Polish historian Marcin Kula proposed no\u015bnik<\/em> pami\u0119ci<\/em>, a memory conveyor or transmitter. This term aptly reflects the practical function of a lieu<\/em>, but has two weak points. One is in suggesting a transmission from one agent (source) to another (recipient), which seems to me misleading. The other, otherwise shared with lieu<\/em>, is that it does not imply the existence of any context: un lieu<\/em> does not seem to need an environment. In other words, it does not suggest a language (or framework of references) within which the term is to be understood. Nora\u2019s claim that there is something uniquely French in the very term lieu<\/em> which makes it impossible to be rendered in other languages may be true[2]<\/a>. However, since American, German, or Polish historians have never had any difficulty either in understanding Nora\u2019s intentions or in finding in their own national cultures the exact equivalents of phenomena like La<\/em> Marseillaise<\/em> or \u201cLe 14 Juillet<\/em>\u201d, or \u201cLes trois couleurs<\/em>\u201d \u2013 it appears that l\u2019exception fran<\/em>\u00e7<\/em>aise<\/em> of lieu<\/em> consists in its semantic ambiguity. (To be more precise: the noun lieu<\/em> does not suggest that it performs any function, while the only difference between being or not being a lieu<\/em> within Nora\u2019s conceptual framework consists in functioning in a certain manner.)<\/p>\n

That is why I have proposed an alternative concept, more overtly metaphorical and at the same time semantically clearer. \u201cLink\u201d implies that there is something to be connected with: a network, a sequence, a chain. The realm of memory (which is the title of the first English translation of Nora\u2019s work) and of remembering, whether individual or collective, is most easily visualised as a spatial web with innumerable connections and intersections.<\/p>\n

From the psychological point of view we see two kinds of remembering (which, roughly, correspond to Daniel Kahneman\u2019s well-known systems of \u201cfast\u201d and \u201cslow\u201d thinking[3]<\/a>): we recollect something either 1. because we need it at the moment in looking for support for our decisions or 2. because it is there within our experienced or learned store of factual data. The first kind is immediate, quick, presented for a purpose. The latter is consciously put together, may be unpleasant or inconvenient, is sometimes better to be forgotten \u2013 but still there, to be ignored only thanks to a decision (or perhaps a subconscious urge to forget, as is the case with traumas). And what applies to particular facts also applies to whole sets or networks of them.<\/p>\n

Let\u00a0us assume that I hear the\u00a0noun \u201cVerdun\u201d mentioned. I immediately associate it with the\u00a0First World War; personal experience evokes images of visiting the\u00a0remnants of Fort Douaumont, la Voie Sacr\u00e9e, rusted long bayonettes sticking out of the\u00a0ground where soldiers in their trenches were buried by a\u00a0huge artillery shell, etc.; pursuing the\u00a0same line of associations I wander farther towards the\u00a0le tricolore, and then to Mourir pour la Patrie; a\u00a0deeper reflection leads me to P\u00e9tain, stumbles upon the\u00a0Vichy Republic, and follows to de Gaulle and his presidential pardon for his old and senile commandant. This is how memory links work. Why\u00a0are some of them chosen to be de-scribed in detail while others are not? Well, that is a\u00a0matter of assessment: which of them, functioning like a\u00a0railway or road junction, seem to offer more connections than others and which stand (or stood) out in the\u00a0collective memory.<\/p>\n

I began to think about all that in early 2010 thanks to inspiration taken from Nora\u2019s imposing volumes, and more directly from Tony Judt\u2019s brilliant, sympathetic essay about them, \u201c\u00c0 la recherche du temps perdu<\/em>: France and Its Pasts\u201d[4]<\/a>. Suddenly, I realised something simple and important: true, France had changed, even under my own eyes since I saw it first in 1957, decrepit and subdued after the war. But in the course of the lives of men and women of my generation, who started school before 1939, Poland has changed much more radically and irretrievably. A country with one thousand years of cultural, political, and geographical continuity was in 1945 moved, like a piece of furniture, at once geographically westwards and politically eastwards. From a traditionally multi-cultural, multi-ethnic country[5]<\/a> it suddenly became (due also to the intervening Holocaust) ethnically the most homogeneous country in Europe. The political, cultural and geographic continuity which had lsted nearly a thousand years was suddenly and irrevocably broken.<\/p>\n

For several centuries, even during the 123 years of partition and foreign rule, nobody \u2013 at least no Poles\u00a0 \u2013 thought about Poland without Lw\u00f3w and Wilno. Today nobody thinks or dreams of a reconquista, but the history and architecture of both cities constitute an unalienable element of Polish culture. The action of our national epic poem, Mickiewicz\u2019s Pan Tadeusz, which every Polish child has known for generations, unambiguously takes place in \u201cPoland\u201d \u2013 but just as unquestionably on the present territory of Belarus and Lithuania. Its author never even visited Warsaw or Krakow\u2026 Another outstanding Polish poet, Juliusz S\u0142owacki (1809\u20131849), is at the same time the greatest writer of his native Ukraine (un-till 1791 a part of the Polish Commonwealth), which he wanted to represent, although he did not know Ukrainian, felt Polish and wrote only in Polish (occasionally in French). Sites like Kamieniec Podolski (now in Ukraine) or Lake \u015awite\u017a (now Belarus) cannot be excised from our history and cultural mythology. One can easily multiply such examples. As yet, nobody has tried to reconstruct a collective image of that Po-land, for which so many hundreds of thousands were ready to fight and die during the Second World War \u2013 in the Polish underground Home Army, in Soviet prisons, on battlefields from Warsaw to Monte Cassino, Narvik and Tobruk.<\/p>\n

This is the goal undertaken by a team of 180 authors in the book \u201cW\u0119z\u0142y pami\u0119ci Polski niepodleg\u0142ej\u201d (Memory Links of Independent Poland).<\/p>\n

Here is a sample of some of the more than 400 entries that make up the volume (no personal names are included as the information about personal data is most easily accessible; most entries refer to geographical names: whatever physically happens, happens somewhere): September 17th 1939; anti-Semitism, Bank Polski; Berdycz\u00f3w; Biuro Informacji i Propagandy KG AK (Bureau of Information and Propaganda, a branch of the Supreme Command of Home Army, the main Polish underground organisation 1940\u20131945); Bo\u017ce Cia\u0142o (Corpus Christi); Caf\u00e9 Szkocka (in Lw\u00f3w); the Constitution of 3rd May 1791; D\u0105browski\u2019s Mazurka<\/em> (the Polish national anthem); Deportations; Dw\u00f3r szlachecki, Electio viritim<\/em>; Elster river; Falaise; France; Gdynia; Gloria victis; Grodno; Harcerze (the Scouting Movement); Hotel Lambert (Paris); Jedwabne; Katy\u0144; Collaboration; Krzemieniec; Majdanek; Freemasons; Northolt; Obywatel (citizen); Okhrana; Ossolineum; Piecz\u0105tka Rz\u0105du Narodowego (Seal of the Polish National Government, 1863); Polish Underground State 1939\u20131945; Rzeczpospolita (Commonwealth); Somosierra; Targowica; the Union of Lublin; La Varsovienne<\/em>; Warszawa \u2013 Zamek Kr\u00f3lewski (the Royal Castle); University of Wilno; \u017belazowa Wola. There are a few entries in the form of reminiscences, notably one by Professor Maria Straszewska, who for four years from 1941 to 1945 was secretary of Biuletyn Informacyjny<\/em>, the official weekly of the Supreme Command of the Polish (underground) Home Army. There is a conversation between Zbigniew Brzezi\u0144ski and me on the traditions of Polish irredentism.<\/p>\n

Our 180 authors represent a broad range of professional historians, active or retired professors at various Polish universities; as well as sociologists, philosophers, historians of literature, military officers. They come from a few consecutive generations of scholars, belong to different schools, follow different research methods and represent various shades of present-day political tendencies. They have joined the project spontaneously and with a great deal of enthusiasm. After a while, the Museum of Polish History has offered us logistical support and money for Spartan fees.<\/p>\n

Included in the volume are 80 pages with some 200 photographs, most of them never published, which illustrate the visual reality of Poland 1918\u20131945, We are planning to publish this substantial volume on the 200th anniversary of the January Insurrection of 1863, which constituted the last surge of the old multi-ethnic Polish Commonwealth of several nations and later became the cornerstone of the founding myths of the Renascent Poland.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Zdzis\u0142aw Najder, \u201cW\u0119z\u0142y europejskiej pami\u0119ci\u201d, in: Szkice i eseje na dwudziestolecie Mi\u0119dzynarodowego Centrum<\/em> Kultury<\/em>, Krak\u00f3w 2011, p. 222.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Pierre Nora, \u201cLa notion de \u2018lieux de m\u00e9moire\u2019 est-elle exportable?\u201d, in: Lieux de m\u00e9moire et<\/em> identit\u00e9s nationales<\/em>, ed. Pim den Boer and Willem Frijhofff, Amsterdam 1993, p. 4.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> The recent recapitulation: Kahnemann Daniel, Thinking, Fast and Slow<\/em>, London 2011, passim.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Tony Judt, \u201c\u00c0 la recherche du temps perdu<\/em>: France and Its Pasts\u201d, in: Reappraisals: Reflections on the Forgotten Twentieth Century<\/em>, London 2009, pp. 196-218. Originally a review of Nora\u2019s volumes.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> For an excellent description of the First Polish Commonwealth (of several nations) see Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus 1569-1999<\/em>, New Haven & London 2003.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":2250,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[256,337,112],"region":[],"kraj":[],"magazyn":[235],"class_list":["post-2502","artykul","type-artykul","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-central-europe-en","tag-history","tag-poland","magazyn-herito-08en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u201cMemory Links\u201d and the Image of Independent Poland - herito<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u201cLink\u201d implies that there is something to be connected with: a network, a sequence, a chain. 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